The study of biological systems varies from whole organisms, organs, and organoids, down to their building blocks of proteins and cells. At the lower end of the scale, atomic force microscope (AFM) ...

Over the last century, humans have experienced multiple severe viral outbreaks, including the Spanish flu and other influenza epidemics, HIV, SARS-CoV, MERS, Ebola, and the recent SARS-CoV2 pandemic.

Conductive and photoconductive atomic force microscopy are variations of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Conductive AFM simply measures the electrical conductivity of materials while photoconductive ...